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1.
Arch. méd. Camaguey ; 25(3): e7974, 2021. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1285177

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN Fundamento: en el contexto de las poblaciones municipales de la provincia Camagüey, el monitoreo de las desigualdades en la ocurrencia de la tuberculosis es importante para alcanzar su eliminación. Objetivo: valorar las desigualdades de la tuberculosis en la población camagüeyana. Métodos: se realizó un estudio ecológico de la tuberculosis en los 13 municipios de la provincia Camagüey. La fuente de información fue la base de datos de la Vigilancia Nacional. Las variables fueron: número de casos, tasas de notificación y años. Se calculó la media geométrica de las tasas, se tomó la menor como referencia para estimar las diferencias absolutas, las diferencias relativas y el riesgo atribuible poblacional porcentual. Se estimaron las proporciones de casos de tuberculosis y sus tendencias en las personas privadas de libertad y en las personas viviendo con VIH en la provincia. Se propusieron dos escenarios futuros 2019-2020, según perspectivas del Programa cubano de tuberculosis: con reducción del 20 % para todos los municipios por igual y con reducción discriminada del 40 % para aquellos municipios con tasas ≥ 10 por 100 000 habitantes y del 10 % en los que tienen sus tasas < 10, para estimar los índices Pearcy-Keppel y varianza entre grupos. Se estratificaron los municipios según las metas hacia la eliminación. Resultados: el municipio Minas fue la referencia con la media geométrica (0,4 por 100 000), la desigualdad relativa fue 11,5 veces mayor en Camagüey. El riesgo atribuible poblacional estuvo entre 11-95 %, la tendencia fue ascendente en los privados de libertad. El segundo escenario mostró una desigualdad moderada, el índice de Pearcy-Keppel fue 46,1 % y la varianza entre grupos (1,0). Sierra de Cubitas y Najasa están en eliminación. Conclusiones: las poblaciones municipales de Camagüey, Guáimaro, Nuevitas muestran las mayores desigualdades con respecto a Minas. Las intervenciones diferenciadas aportarían mejores resultados en estos territorios.


ABSTRACT Background: the monitoring of tuberculosis inequalities occurrence in Camaguey municipalities is important to achieve their elimination. Objective: to assess the TB inequalities in Camagüey´s population. Methods: tuberculosis ecological study was carried out in the 13 municipalities of Camagüey. The National surveillance database was the source of information. The variables used were: number of cases, notification rates and years. The geometric average of the rates was calculated, taking the lowest as a reference to estimate the absolute and relative differences and the population attributable risk. It was calculated the proportions of cases according to municipalities and the trends in people deprived of liberty and people living with HIV in the province. Two future scenarios 2019-2020 were proposed, according the perspectives of the Cuban Tuberculosis Program: with a 20% reduction for all municipalities and a discriminated reduction of 40% for those municipalities with rates ≥ 10 per 100 000 populations and 10% in those with rates < 10, to estimate the Pearcy-Keppel index and variance between groups. It was stratified the municipalities according to the goals towards elimination. Results: Minas municipality was the reference, with the geometric average (0.4 per 100,000), the relative inequality was 11.5 highest in Camagüey. The population attributable risk was between 11-95%. The trend in people deprived of liberty was ascending. The second scenario showed moderate inequality, Pearcy Keppel index was 46.1% and variance between groups (1.0). The municipalities of Sierra de Cubitas and Najasa were in elimination phase. Conclusions: the municipal populations of Camagüey, Guaimaro, Nuevitas showed the greatest inequalities according to Minas. Differences interventions would bring better results to these territories.

2.
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1506538

ABSTRACT

La presente investigación busca exponer las características psicosociales de vendedores ambulantes que trabajan dentro el sector informal en la ciudad de La Paz, describiendo características psicosociales antes de la pandemia y durante la misma. Durante el desarrollo de la misma participaron vendedores ambulantes que son beneficiarios de la fundación Arco Iris a través de un proyecto denominado trabajadores. Se logró adquirir información desde los mismos vendedores ambulantes logrando sistematizar la misma en el presente documento.


This research seeks to expose the psychosocial characteristics of street vendors who work within the informal sector in the city of La Paz, describing psychosocial characteristics before and during the pandemic. During its development, street vendors who are beneficiaries of the Arco Iris foundation participated through a project called workers. Information was acquired from the street vendors themselves, systematizing it in this document.


Esta pesquisa busca expor as características psicossociais dos camelôs que atuam no setor informal na cidade de La Paz, descrevendo as características psicossociais antes e durante a pandemia. Durante o seu desenvolvimento, os camelôs beneficiários da Fundação Arco Iris participaram de um projeto denominado trabalhadores. As informações foram obtidas junto aos próprios camelôs, sistematizando-as neste documento.

3.
Rev. cuba. med. trop ; 63(3): 257-262, sep.-dic. 2011.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-615570

ABSTRACT

Introducción: la leishmaniasis visceral se considera la forma más severa de las leishmaniasis y puede llegar a ser fatal en ausencia de tratamiento oportuno. En América Latina la infección es causada por Leishmania infantum (syn. Leishmania chagasi). El diagnóstico inequívoco y la selección de un adecuado modelo experimental son una necesidad para emprender estudios con este agente biológico. Objetivo: determinar la utilidad de la técnica de inmunohistoquímica en la identificación de Leishmania. Métodos: los animales se inocularon con promastigotes de Leishmania infantum. Se monitoreó el peso corporal de cada animal y se determinó el peso relativo de bazos e hígados. Para la identificación de amastigotes se prepararon improntas coloreadas con Giemsa y se desarrolló un protocolo de inmunohistoquímica en tejido incluido en parafina. Resultados: se reprodujo la infección en el modelo experimental. La técnica de inmunohistoquímica fue positiva en los cortes de los animales infectados y no reactiva para el grupo control. Al comparar con la tinción mediante Giemsa, esta metodología facilitó la identificación, particularmente en órganos con escasos parásitos. Conclusiones: la inmunohistoquímica es una herramienta específica para la detección de Leishmania, facilita la observación y evita confusiones en la identificación del parásito, lo que mejora la calidad del diagnóstico.


Introduction: visceral leishmaniasis is considered the most severe form of this disease and can be fatal if not properly treated. In Latin America, the infection is caused by Leishmania infantum (syn. Leishmania chagasi). The unequivocal diagnosis and the selection of a suitable experimental model are required to undertake studies on this biologic agent. Objective: to determine the advantages of immunohistochemistry in identifying Leishmania. Methods: hamsters were inoculated with Leishmania infantum promastigotes. The body weights of every animal were monitored, and the relative weights of their spleens and livers were estimated. For identification of amastigotes, Giemsa-stained imprints and an immunohistochemistry protocol in paraffin-embedded tissues were developed. Results: the infection was reproduced in the experimental model. The immunohistochemistry was positive in infected animal sections and non-reactive for the control group. When compared with the Giemsa staining, this methodology facilitated the identification, particularly in organs infected with few parasites. Conclusions: immunohistochemistry is a specific tool for detection of Leishmania since it facilitates observation and eliminates any confusion in the identification of the parasite, thus improving the quality of diagnosis.


Subject(s)
Animals , Cricetinae , Leishmania infantum/isolation & purification , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/parasitology , Disease Models, Animal , Immunohistochemistry
4.
Rev. cuba. med. trop ; 61(3): 244-247, sep.-dic. 2009.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-629362

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCCIÓN: estudios recientes en Cuba con colofonia, resina extraída a partir de Pinus caribeae y Pinus tropicalis, han demostrado su actividad molusquicida sobre Biomphalaria havanensis, hospedero intermediario de esquistosomosis. OBJETIVO: determinar la influencia de la colofonia sobre la actividad cardiaca y sobre la eclosión de los huevos de B. havanensis en condiciones de laboratorio. MÉTODOS: se trabajó con las dosis letales (DL50 y DL90) de colofonia, para determinar su influencia en la actividad cardiaca y su carácter ovicida en huevos de B. havanensis. RESULTADOS: como resultado se obtuvo que este producto afecta el desarrollo embrionario de los huevos de 1 y 5 d de puestos, y estos últimos son los menos afectados. Además, se observó una marcada disminución en el número de latidos del corazón por minuto. CONCLUSIÓN: la colofonia puede considerarse como un posible candidato para el control de B. havanensis, por causa de su evidente carácter molusquicida.


INTRODUCTION: in Cuba, recent studies with colophony - a resin from Pinus caribaea and P. tropicalis - have shown its molluscicidal activity on Biomphalaria havanensis, intermediate host of schistosomosis. OBJECTIVE: to determine the impact of colophony on the heart activity and the hatching of B. havanensis eggs in lab. METHODS: lethal doses of colophony (LD50 y LD90) were used to determine their effect on heart activity and their ovicidal capacity on B. havanensis eggs. Heartbeats were counted using stethoscope. The ovicidal effect was observed in one day and 5-day laid eggs. RESULTS: as a result, this product had an impact on the embrionary development of one-day and five-day eggs; the latter were the least affected. In addition, a marked reduction in the number of heartbeats per minute was observed. CONCLUSION: colophony may be considered as possible option for control of B. havanensis because of their molluscicidal properties.

5.
Rev. cuba. med. trop ; 60(2)mayo-ago. 2008. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-506355

ABSTRACT

Introducción: la ausencia de poblaciones de moluscos en el entorno ecológico y natural de las pináceas, observada en estudios de campo, conllevó a estudiar la resina de pino, colofonia, como control del molusco Biomphalaria havanensis, hospedero intermediario de Schistosoma mansoni. Objetivo: determinar la acción molusquicida de la colofonia para su posible utilización en el control de Biomphalaria havanensis. Métodos: se utilizaron 7 concentraciones diferentes para determinar las dosis letales y los datos fueron analizados por un probit-log. Resultados: las dosis letales encontradas fueron: DL50= 44,33 mg/L y DL90= 141,76 mg/L. Conclusiones: con estos resultados se demostró el poder molusquicida de 2 de las pináceas cubanas, a través de la resina de colofonia, sobre Biomphalaria havanensis.


Background: Field studies have previously demonstrated that freshwater mollusk populations did not exist in the ecological and natural environment of pine trees, which led to study pine resin, colophony, as a controlling agent for Biomphalaria havanensis mollusk, an intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni. Objective: to determine the molluscicidical action of colophony as possible use as a controlling agent for Biomphalaria havanensis. Methods: Seven different concentrations were used to determinate the lethal doses. Data were analyzed by probit-log program. Results: The lethal doses found were as follows: LD50 = 443.3 mg/L and LD90 = 1417.6 mg/L. Conclusions: These experiments showed the molluscicidical activity of the two Cuban pinaceas, through the colophony resin, on Biomphalaria havanensis.


Subject(s)
Biomphalaria , Molluscacides
6.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 100(7): 725-727, Nov. 2005. tab, mapas
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-419695

ABSTRACT

The abundance of freshwater snails in two rural sites of Pinar del Río, Cuba, which harbor Pseudosuccinea columella susceptible and resistant to miracidia of Fasciola hepatica was followed for one year. Susceptible snails were found in the most anthropic site (IPA) whereas the resistant population inhabited the most preserved one (El Azufre). Only two snail species coexisted with P. columella at IPA site (Physa cubensis and Tarebia granifera) while five species were found at El Azufre, including an endemic from that province (Hemisinus cubanianus). Populations of both resistant and susceptible snails showed stable densities throughout the year, although the susceptible strain attained higher abundance. The highest densities were observed in April-May 2004 for the susceptible population whereas the resistant strain attained its highest abundance in January 2004. No record of Fossaria cubensis was made and the thiarid T. granifera occurred only at low densities. One of the sampled sites (IPA) meets all the conditions for the first report of P. columella naturally infected with larvae of F. hepatica.


Subject(s)
Animals , Fasciola hepatica/physiology , Snails/classification , Cuba , Fasciola hepatica/isolation & purification , Host-Parasite Interactions , Population Density , Snails/parasitology
7.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 99(3): 257-262, May 2004. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-361991

ABSTRACT

The variation of abundances of intermediate snail hosts of Fasciola hepatica in Cuba (Fossaria cubensis and Pseudosuccinea columella) was studied during one year under natural conditions at five sampling sites in San Juan y Martinez municipality, Pinar del Rio province, Cuba. The effect of some environmental variables on the lymnaeid abundances was also studied. A canonical correspondence analysis showed that both species do not generally occur together in the same habitat and that most factors affect them in an opposite fashion, although both of them correlate positively through time to the diversity of the habitats. F. cubensis prefers the sites that are in or closer to the city whereas P. columella is more abundant in rural sites. Lymnaeid abundances are mainly affected by nitrite and nitrate concentrations as well as by the abundance of the thiarid Tarebia granifera. F. cubensis is more abundant in polluted habitats with low densities (or absence) of T. granifera whereas P. columella prefers cleaner habitats and can coexist with the thiarid, even at its higher densities. The implications of divergent preferences of the two lymnaeids for the control of fasciolosis are discussed.


Subject(s)
Animals , Environment , Fasciola hepatica , Snails , Cuba , Host-Parasite Interactions , Population Density , Population Dynamics
8.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 97(6): 869-870, Sept. 2002. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-320149

ABSTRACT

A snail-conditioned water experiment was conducted in Pseudosuccinea columella to test the possible role of a chemical interaction between snails on the diminished growth and fecundity rates found for snails raised in pairs compared to those raised in complete isolation. The results permit to discard the hypothesis of an inhibition of growth and reproduction between snails due to factors released into the water


Subject(s)
Animals , Lymnaea , Water , Culture Media, Conditioned , Fertility , Lymnaea
9.
Prensa méd. argent ; 89(6): 534-538, 2002. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-320773

ABSTRACT

La utilización de opioides se acompaña de efectos secundarios: náuseas, constipación, depresión respiratoria, retención urinaria, alteraciones cognitivas, mioclonías, hiperalgesia, alucinaciones, delirio y desarrollo de tolerancia tanto para el efecto analgésico como para los efectos secundarios. En la fisiopatología de estos efectos secundarios estarían implicados metabolitos de los opioides (M3G) y (M6G). El tratamiento de estas situaciones se basa en: hidratación (para aumentar la eliminación de metabolitos hidrosolubles), rotación de opioide (se deja de producir el metabilito en cuestión), disminución de la dosis y psicoestimulants (para la sedación)


Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Narcotics , Neoplasms , Opioid-Related Disorders , Pain , Pain Clinics , Palliative Care
10.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 96(4): 577-581, May 2001. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-285565

ABSTRACT

A population of Pseudosuccinea columella was raised under laboratory conditions and its life tables were determined in isolated and paired snails. Isolated snails were significantly larger in shell size than paired snails from five weeks of age onward. Also, statistically significant differences were found for the number of eggs per mass per individual from week 5 to 9, isolated snails exhibiting the highest values. The intrinsic and finite rates of increase were greater in isolated than in paired snails. Either an inhibition of the reproductive output between individuals or the advantage of selfing may be the cause of the differences in this species, acting as a possible mechanism that increase the fitness of isolated snails


Subject(s)
Animals , Lymnaea/physiology , Social Isolation , Life Tables , Reproduction/physiology
11.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 95(5): 747-52, Sept.-Oct. 2000. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-267907

ABSTRACT

The effect of exposing the lymnaeid snail Fossaria cubensis to the trematode Fasciola hepatica on the snail population's life-history traits was studied under laboratory conditions. Exposed individuals showed a lower survival rate than control snails, although from week 7 onward a slower decrease of this parameter in relation to the control group was observed. There were higher values of fecundity rate for the controls compared to the exposed group except during weeks 9, 10, 11 and 12, which was the time that followed the period when almost all of the infected snails died. Both the intrinsic and finite rates of natural increase were significantly higher for the control group, but exposed snails still attained a lower mean generation time. Age-specific trade-offs were found, mainly for the weekly increase in size versus the number of eggs per mass, the weekly increase in size versus the number of viable eggs per mass, the number of masses versus the hatching probability and the number of eggs versus the hatching probability. All these negative associations were significant for juveniles of both control and exposed snails and not for adults; however, exposed young individuals exhibited much higher values of the correlation coefficient than control animals.


Subject(s)
Animals , Fasciola hepatica/physiology , Life Tables , Snails/parasitology , Host-Parasite Interactions
12.
Rev. cuba. med. trop ; 49(1): 49-51, 1997. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-208301

ABSTRACT

Se realizó un estudio de tablas de vida de Blattella germanica (L) 1767, en condiciones de laboratorios. Se utilizaron 3 tratamientos según la cantidad de individuos que contenían cada frasco de cría (A=9 frascos con 20-25 individuos, B=17 frascos con 30-35 individuos y C=30 frascos con 1 ninfa recién eclosionada cada uno) y se calcularon los principales parámetros del crecimiento poblacional mediante el software TABVID. Los valores respectivos para los tratamientos A y B fueron: tasa de reproducción neta (Ro= 2,23 y 2,37), tasa finita de incremento natural (l= 1,06), tasa intrínseca de incremento natural (r= 0,06) y tiempo medio generacional (T= 13,89 y 15,64); se registró gráficamente el comportamiento por edad de la probabilidad de superviviencia, tasa de fecundidad y tasa de mortalidad. La esperanza de vida para el tratamiento C fue 16,47 y se realizó el gráfico de la tasa de supervivencia para este tratamiento. Se hicieron los gráficos de la curva de crecimiento de esta especie y la curva de supervivencia de los tratamientos A y B la que resultó de tipo cóncava, lo que significa que la mortalidad es más elevada durante las etapas jóvenes. Este estudio proporciona datos básicos cuantitativos esenciales que permiten realizar un control más eficaz si se dirige la lucha al período donde se encontró mayor mortalidad natural, que resultó en el paso de ninfa 6 a adulto, en los tratamientos A y B


Subject(s)
Animals , Life Expectancy , Life Tables , Orthoptera , Pregnancy Rate , Survival Rate
13.
Rev. argent. anestesiol ; 53(2): 85-90, abr.-jun. 1995.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-184654

ABSTRACT

La técnica espinal-epidural combinada (TEEC), descripta hace poco más de diez años para procedimientos quirúrgicos, muestra ser un método efectivo para producir alivio del dolor durante el trabajo de parto. Quizás deba considerarse su empleo en aquellas pacientes primíparas que están iniciando su trabajo de parto. En el presente artículo, se desarrolla la TEEC, así como sus indicaciones, complicaciones, efectos adversos y la experiencia personal de los autores


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Anesthesia, Conduction , Anesthesia, Epidural , Anesthesia, Obstetrical , Injections, Spinal , Narcotics , Fentanyl/administration & dosage , Fentanyl/adverse effects , Labor, Obstetric , Meperidine/administration & dosage , Morphine/administration & dosage , Morphine/adverse effects , Pain
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